BOC Clinical Chemistry Practice Test

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• Creatinine clearance (uncorrected for body mass) is most accurately represented by which expression?
• HbA1c is used to monitor long-term glycemic control in diabetes. Which statement is most accurate?
• Select the test which evaluates renal tubular function:
• The colorimetric readout in the described ALP assay is typically quantified by measuring absorbance on what basis?
• In distinguishing primary from secondary adrenal insufficiency, the ACTH stimulation test shows which result in primary adrenal insufficiency?
• What fraction of total calcium is nondiffusible protein-bound?
• Which antibody is commonly associated with autoimmune thyroiditis?
• Which osmolality value is consistent with an empirically calculated osmolality of approximately 270 mOsm/kg?
• Elevations of LD in pernicious anemia can reach up to how many times the upper limit of normal?
• What specimen preparation is commonly used to perform alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme determinations?
• Night blindness is associated with deficiency of which vitamin?
• Creatinine clearance is used to estimate which renal parameter?
• Fasting serum phosphate concentration is regulated primarily by which gland?
• Which pair demonstrates a reciprocal relationship relevant to mineral balance?
• A serum sample shows an elevated result with the Jaffe reaction. This most likely indicates which condition?
• An antiepileptic used to control seizure disorders is which?
• What is the active liver metabolite of procainamide?
• Serial bilirubin determinations showing fluctuations are best explained by which factor?
• In the context of glucose testing, which statement is true about CSF glucose compared with simultaneous blood glucose?
• In the conventional anion gap calculation, which primary cation is used along with chloride and bicarbonate to estimate unmeasured anions?
• The screening test for congenital hypothyroidism in newborns is based on which parameter?
• A markedly elevated blood creatinine value most likely indicates which of the following about kidney function?
• Which of the following best describes the dose used in the standard oral glucose tolerance test for adults?
• In which condition would creatine kinase (CK) be normal?
• A sweat chloride result of 55 mEq/L and a sweat sodium of 52 mEq/L were obtained on a patient with a history of respiratory problems. The best interpretation is:
• In a timed 24-hour urine collection for quantitative protein, which measurement must be recorded to calculate protein excretion rate?
• Which formula expresses absorbance from percent transmittance?
• Detection of which substance is most useful to monitor the course of a patient with testicular cancer?
• The most specific method for the assay of glucose utilizes:
• An infant with diarrhea has a positive copper reduction test and a stool pH of 5.0. Which conclusion is most appropriate?
• Which protein binds the majority of copper in the blood?
• Which property is used to measure osmolality in osmometers for urine or serum?
• Coulometry is still used for chloride determinations in body fluids, such as sweat. Which fluid is commonly analyzed by this method?
• Blood PCO2 may be measured by which type of electrode?
• Which blood gas electrode is composed of a silver/silver chloride reference electrode and a glass sensing membrane?
• The primary function of serum albumin in peripheral blood is to:
• A patient fasting since midnight has a lipid panel collected at 7 am. Which test should be recollected?
• Which reaction is used by most chemical methods for determining total protein?
• In the fasting state, arterial and capillary blood glucose concentrations vary from venous glucose concentration by approximately how many mg/dL (mmol/L)?
• A healthy person with a blood glucose of 80 mg/dL would have a simultaneously determined cerebrospinal fluid glucose value of which?
• Which battery of tests is most useful in evaluating an anion gap of 22 mEq/L?
• An electrode assembly used to measure PO2 consists of a silver/silver chloride anode, a platinum cathode, and a selectively permeable membrane separating the sample from an electrolyte. This design is used to measure which parameter?
• A stool specimen that appears black and tarry should be tested for the presence of:
• Which HDL quantitation method is described as most suited for clinical laboratory use?
• Which option correctly represents the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation for pH?
• Total glycosylated hemoglobin levels in a hemolysate reflect the:
• Blood samples were collected at the beginning of an aerobic exercise class and after thirty minutes of activity. Which post-exercise pattern is most consistent with the metabolic response?
• Which glycolytic enzyme catalyzes the cleavage of fructose-1,6-diphosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate?
• A mathematical approach described as most useful for calculating gamma globulin content when concentrations are unchanged is which of the following?
• The screen for adrenal cortical hyperfunction with the greatest sensitivity and specificity is which test?
• To preserve ammonia stability for measurement, which handling step is recommended?
• Valinomycin in ion-selective electrodes enhances the selectivity for which ion?
• In spectrophotometric measurements, absorbance (A) is related to percent transmittance (%T) by which true statement?
• In enzymatic methods for measuring serum triglycerides, which substance is hydrolyzed from triglyceride to initiate the assay?
• The expected blood gas pattern for a patient with chronic renal failure is which of the following?
• Which serum constituent is unstable if a blood specimen is left standing at room temperature for 8 hours before processing?
• Following overnight fasting, hypoglycemia in adults is defined as a blood glucose level less than which value?
• In metabolic alkalosis, which of the following statements is true regarding CO2 content and pH?
• Which hormone regulates normal blood calcium levels?
• A person suspected of having metabolic alkalosis would have which of the following laboratory findings?
• Increased LD1 and LD2 fractions on electrophoresis are associated with which condition?
• Total iron binding capacity measures the serum iron-transporting capacity of which protein?
• A 24 hr. urine specimen (total volume = 1,136 mL) is submitted to the lab for quantitative urine protein. Calculate the amount of protein excreted per day, if the total protein is 52 mg/dL.
• CA-125 is elevated in which proportion of epithelial ovarian cancer?
• Positive thyroid peroxidase antibody with hypothyroidism is most consistent with which autoimmune thyroid disease?
• Which enzymes are used in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis?
• Which osmolality value would be expected from empirical calculation for a normal serum?
• In the Jendrassik-Grof reaction for total bilirubin, bilirubin reacts with diazotized sulfanilic acid to form:
• The fasting phosphate concentration is primarily regulated by which endocrine gland?
• Which HDL method uses gel electrophoresis to separate lipoproteins?
• Which statement about HbA1c as a clinical measure is true?
• At room temperature, the glucose in whole blood decreases at approximately what rate per hour?
• Which of the following would be consistent with metabolic alkalosis?
• A hospitalized patient is experiencing increased neuromuscular irritability (tetany). Which of the following tests should be ordered immediately?
• A common cause of a falsely elevated LD1 fraction is which of the following?
• A 3-year-old child with basophilic stippling on CBC suggests poisoning with which element?
• Which ALP isoenzyme is the most heat-stable?
• Which bilirubin measurement method is described as the most widely used?
• A drug has a half-life of 6 hours. If a dose is given every 6 hours, a steady-state drug level would usually be achieved in:
• A carbonate salt used to treat manic-depressive disorders is which?
• What percentage of total serum calcium is nondiffusible protein bound?
• In the Jendrassik-Grof reaction method for the determination of serum bilirubin concentration, quantitation is obtained by measuring the green color of:
• Which expression correctly represents creatinine clearance when normalization to body surface area is included?
• Serum levels that define hypoglycemia in pre-term or low birth weight infants are:
• In the PCO2 electrode, diffusion of CO2 into the internal electrolyte causes a pH shift that is detected as the sensor signal. Which statement best describes this mechanism?
• The most important buffer pair in plasma is the:
• In the described alkaline phosphatase assay, hydrolysis of the substrate yields phosphate and a colored product. What is this colored product?
• Which factor contributes to the PCO2 electrode requiring 60–120 seconds to reach equilibrium?
• Which test is recommended for diagnosing lead poisoning in children?
• Given a cellulose acetate protein electrophoresis result with albumin area 75 units, gamma globulin area 30 units, total area 180 units, and total protein 6.4 g/dL, the gamma globulin content in g/dL is which value?
• A physician suspects pancreatitis. Which test would be most indicative of this disease?
• If a fasting glucose was 90 mg/dL, which 2 hour postprandial glucose result would most closely represent normal glucose metabolism?
• The greatest activities of serum AST and ALT are seen in which condition?
• Blood gas analysis preanalytical requirements include being on ice, no clots, and no air bubbles. Which option best reflects these requirements?
• Which urinary metabolite is most commonly measured in the evaluation of catecholamine production?
• Which statement best describes the typical cortisol pattern in a healthy individual?
• Scurvy results from deficiency of which vitamin?
• In diabetic ketoacidosis with marked hyperglycemia and acetone, the arterial blood gas would most likely show which finding?
• Clinical assays for tumor markers are most important for:
• Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of starch to glucose and maltose?
• In calcium determination, which method's interference from phosphate is mitigated by adding lanthanum chloride?
• Cancer antigen 125 is a tumor marker associated with:
• After an acute myocardial infarction, which enzyme is the first to become elevated?
• In electrophoresis data, the gamma globulin area is 30 units and the total area is 180 units. What is the gamma globulin percentage of the total area?
• After a standard 75 g carbohydrate dose for an oral glucose tolerance test, the patient vomits 90 minutes after ingestion. The best course of action is to:
• Which calcium procedure utilizes lanthanum chloride to eliminate interfering substances?
• Osmolal gap is defined as the difference between measured osmolality and what other value?
• In the creatinine clearance calculation, the urine volume term is expressed in which units?
• Elevations of LD isoenzymes LD4 and LD5 on electrophoresis are most often associated with which condition?
• Beriberi is associated with deficiency of which vitamin?
• Osmolality measurement by cryoscopic methods is considered a colligative property because it depends on which factor?
• Chylomicrons are elevated in which lipid disorder due to lipase deficiency?
• Which pair of substances is described as having a reciprocal relationship in clinical chemistry?
• In renal disease, how does the LD isoenzyme pattern compare to normal?
• The most specific enzyme test for acute pancreatitis is:
• The degree to which the kidney concentrates the glomerular filtrate can be determined by:
• A common cause of respiratory alkalosis is:
• Chylomicrons are present in which dyslipidemia?
• In the case of a 21-year-old with back injury, given whole blood glucose 77 mg/dL, serum glucose 88 mg/dL, and CSF glucose 56 mg/dL, which interpretation is most consistent with reference ranges?
• Which description best defines a peptide bond?
• Which test result is used to detect hemolytic disease of the newborn by amniotic fluid analysis?
• Which statement is true about the LDH activity assay depicted in the graph over 8 minutes?
• In suspected lead poisoning, besides measuring whole blood lead, which tests may be useful?
• Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation with bicarbonate 24 mEq/L, carbonic acid 1.2 mEq/L, pK = 6.1, calculate pH.
• A low serum phosphorus concentration is most commonly seen in which scenario?
• Before unconjugated bilirubin can react with Ehrlich diazo reagent, which must be added?
• Which CK isoenzyme is primarily located in myocardial tissue?
• Creatinine clearance calculation with urine creatinine 90 mg/dL, urine volume 1500 mL/day, serum creatinine 0.90 mg/dL, and total body surface 1.73 m^2 yields which value (mL/min)?
• Erroneous ammonia levels can be eliminated by all of the following except:
• Which method is used for confirmation after a positive immunoassay screening for barbiturate abuse in urine?
• Salicylate levels are used to assess toxicity from overdose of which drug?
• Laboratory results presented are most compatible with which condition?
• A 68-year-old woman has a TSH level of 8.7 uU/mL. This finding most strongly supports:
• Most modern automated blood gas analyzers directly measure which set of parameters?
• The color developed in this alkaline phosphatase assay occurs under which conditions?
• When separating serum proteins by cellulose acetate electrophoresis with Veronal buffer at pH 8.6, beta globulin migrates:
• In the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay, which product is measured?
• Hemoglobin S can be separated from hemoglobin D by which method?
• Monitoring long term glucose control in patients with adult onset diabetes mellitus can best be accomplished by measuring:
• Isoenzyme assays are performed to improve which diagnostic parameter?
• In pH measurement, reference electrodes may include which of the following?
• In addition to carcinoma of the prostate, elevated prostate-specific antigen can occur due to:
• Which method would you choose for a high-throughput clinical lab that wants to avoid chromatography?
• Which statement best defines respiratory acidosis?
• Which action does sodium fluoride provide when collecting plasma glucose specimens?
• Regan isoenzyme has the same properties as alkaline phosphatase originating in the:
• Which LD isoenzyme is slightly increased in pulmonary conditions and pancreatitis?
• In the immunoinhibition phase of the CK-MB assay, which subunit is inactivated?
• The enzyme that exists chiefly in skeletal muscle, heart, and brain and rises early in muscular dystrophy and myocardial infarction is which of the following?
• Acidosis and alkalosis are best defined as fluctuations in blood pH and CO2 content due to changes in:
• A blood gas sample was sent to the lab on ice, and a bubble was present in the syringe. The blood had been exposed to room air for at least 30 mins. The following change in blood gases will occur:
• What is the best method to diagnose lactase deficiency?
• Which description best characterizes a peptide bond?
• Before reporting a potassium of 6.8 mEq/L, the first step the technologist should take is to:
• The solute that contributes the most to the total serum osmolality is:
• A blood creatinine value of 5.0 mg/dL (442.0 μmol/L) is most likely to be found with which of the following blood values?
• Which statement is true about direct ISE method?
• In obstructive jaundice, which enzyme is markedly increased along with ALP?
• Which laboratory pattern is typical of primary hypothyroidism?
• On electrophoresis at alkaline pH, which hemoglobin migrates the slowest?
• Which method is susceptible to the solvent displacing effect, leading to falsely decreased electrolyte values?
• Pregnant women with symptoms of thirst, frequent urination or unexplained weight loss should have which of the following tests performed?
• In using ion-exchange chromatographic methods, falsely increased levels of Hgb A1c might be demonstrated in the presence of:
• Which of the following statements best describes the diet preparation for a standard glucose tolerance test?
• Which statement about the renal function tests is true given the source material?
• A spuriously high potassium result is most often due to which pre-analytical issue?
• Light exposure can oxidize bilirubin, producing structurally altered forms and affecting results. Which statement is true?
• Which electrolyte is the chief plasma cation whose main function is maintaining osmotic pressure?
• What is the recommended fasting duration for lipid measurement standardization?
• What is the substrate name that is abbreviated as pNPP in alkaline phosphatase assays?
• Which condition is associated with an elevated anion gap?
• What is the primary purpose of performing a glucose tolerance test before a pregnancy is further evaluated for gestational diabetes?
• An arterial blood specimen submitted for blood gas analysis was obtained at 8:30 am but was not received in the lab until 11 am. The technologist should:
• The majority of thyroxine (T4) is converted into the more biologically active hormone:
• Lithium therapy is widely used in the treatment of which condition?
• The copper reduction reaction in stool is used to detect which type of substances?
• Which of the following is useful in the detection and management of carcinoma of the prostate?
• Which enzyme can be separated into five isoenzymes (LDH1–LDH5) by electrophoresis and exists in almost all tissues?
• Hemoglobin S can be separated from hemoglobin D by which method?
• Cerebrospinal fluid for glucose assay should be
• In amniotic fluid, the procedure used to detect hemolytic disease of the newborn is:
• Which marker is primarily used for diagnosis and follow-up of germ cell tumors such as testicular cancer?
• 11-nor-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-COOH is detectable by immunoassay 3-5 days after a single use of which substance?
• In the iron binding capacity (TIBC) assay, what is the normal saturation of transferrin with iron?
• Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) is the major metabolite of which catecholamines?
• Severe diarrhea is most likely to cause which acid-base disturbance?
• An emphysema patient with fluid accumulation in the alveolar spaces is likely to be in which metabolic state?
• To assure an accurate ammonia level result, the specimen should be processed as:
• Osmolal gap is the difference between:
• Which substrate is used in the Bessey-Lowry-Brock method for determining alkaline phosphatase activity?
• In the Malloy and Evelyn method for the determination of bilirubin, the reagent that is reacted with bilirubin to form a purple azobilirubin is:
• Metabolic acidosis is described as a:
• A newborn with suspected hypothyroidism would most likely show which confirming lab finding?
• Which color is produced by the chromogenic product in the ALP assay under alkaline conditions?
• Bromcresol purple at a pH of 5.2 is used in a colorimetric method to measure which protein?
• An automated method for measuring chloride that generates silver ions in the reaction is which technique?
• Which ion pair is involved in maintaining the buffering capacity of blood via reversible exchange?
• Elevated lipid levels interfere with indirect ISE by causing which change in sodium results?
• Which statement is true about direct ion selective electrodes for electrolytes?
• In a patient with multiple myeloma, indirect ISE is more likely to give erroneous Na results than direct ISE because of which scenario?
• Unless blood gas measurements are made immediately after sampling, in vitro glycolysis of the blood causes a:
• The glycated hemoglobin value represents the integrated values of glucose concentration during the preceding:
• Aminotransferase enzymes catalyze which reaction?
• What is the typical unit for creatinine clearance?
• What pKa value is used in the Henderson-Hasselbalch calculation in the example?
• Which statement best describes the reason for immediate processing of CSF glucose samples?
• Which statement correctly describes amylase and lipase?
• Alkaline electrophoresis: which hemoglobin migrates slowest?
• Which measure allows assessment of the kidney's concentrating ability by comparing urine and serum values?
• Which ABG description best matches metabolic acidosis due to diarrhea?
• Which HDL quantitation method involves gel-based separation of lipoproteins?
• The IFCC recommends methods such as the Bessey-Lowry-Brock method for alkaline phosphatase activity. What does IFCC stand for?
• A 10-year-old with suspected skeletal muscle disease; the best confirmatory tests would be which pair?
• Which population has a hypoglycemia threshold lower than adults?
• The recommended screening approach for prostate cancer in men over 50 includes which combination?
• In chemiluminescent EIA, the detection signal comes from?
• In the creatinine clearance calculation, which constant is used to adjust for body surface area?
• Why does lactic acid accumulate in the blood after sustained aerobic exercise?
• A physician requested that electrolytes on a multiple myeloma patient specimen be run by direct ISE and not indirect ISE because:
• Which of the following 2 hour postprandial glucose value demonstrates unequivocal hyperglycemia diagnostic for diabetes mellitus?
• Which biochemical determination may help establish the presence of seminal fluid?
• What does pNPP stand for in the alkaline phosphatase assay?
• What common substrate is used in the biosynthesis of adrenal steroids, including androgens and estrogens?
• Carcinoembryonic antigen is most likely produced in a malignancy involving the:
• Which enzyme activity does not typically increase after an acute myocardial infarction?
• Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating serum calcium levels?
• Rickets is caused by deficiency of which vitamin?
• In conditions that shorten red blood cell lifespan, HbA1c values tend to be:
• The following blood gas results were obtained: The patient's results are compatible with which of the following?
• Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce which hormone?
• Which LD isoenzyme is most associated with viral hepatitis when elevated?
• Which collection would give an accurate assessment of potential excess cortisol production?
• Which ABG pattern is characteristic of respiratory alkalosis?
• What is the first step in the quantitation of serum iron?
• Which enzymes are elevated in liver and hepatobiliary diseases according to the material?
• The buffering capacity of blood is maintained by a reversible exchange between bicarbonate and which anion?
• In the PCO2 electrode, CO2 diffuses into the internal electrolyte and forms carbonic acid, which shifts the pH of the internal layer. What is the primary composition of this internal electrolyte?
• The day 4 bilirubin result, given daily controls were in range, most likely resulted from which factor?
• The regulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism is accomplished by which gland?
• The most heat-labile fraction of alkaline phosphatase is obtained from which tissue?
• In metabolic alkalosis, which combination best represents the likely changes in pH and CO2 content?
• What type of electrochemical measurement is used by the PCO2 electrode?
• Which hormone, together with vitamin D, plays a dominant role in calcium regulation?
• 90% of the copper present in the blood is bound to which protein?
• A patient with hemolytic anemia will:
• What is the first step in the enzymatic measurement of serum triglycerides using common methods?
• What is the normal percentage range for the LD5 isoenzyme in serum?
• The active enzyme system formed by an apoenzyme plus a non-protein cofactor is called the holoenzyme.
• Cocaine's primary metabolite detected in urine drug screens is which?
• Aldosterone is released by the adrenal cortex upon stimulation by which molecule?
• A 68-year-old man presents with glucose 722 mg/dL and serum acetone 4+; an arterial blood gas is likely to show which feature?
• In cases of suspected pseudohyperkalemia due to platelet release, which specimen provides the most accurate potassium measurement?
• Which HDL quantitation method uses column chromatography?
• Why is the ion-selective electrode method used as the standard for quantitating Na+ and K+?
• In a patient with a myeloproliferative disorder, serum potassium may be affected by platelet release. For accurate potassium, which sample should be tested?
• TSH is produced by which gland?
• How many LDH isoenzymes exist?
• Sodium determination by indirect ion selective electrode is falsely decreased by which condition?
• Which LD isoenzyme fraction is typically elevated in hepatic damage?
• A bilirubin result at 10 AM was 12 mg/dL and retested at 3 PM was 8 mg/dL. The most likely explanation is?
• A cardiac glycoside used to treat congenital heart failure and arrhythmias by increasing the force and velocity of myocardial contraction is which?
• Among the HDL quantitation methods listed, which is named as the Gomori procedure?
• Which CK isoenzyme indicates acute myocardial damage?
• A 2-year-old child with decreased serum T4 and coarse features; the most informative additional lab test would be the serum:
• A drug that relaxes the smooth muscles of the bronchial passages is which?
• The normal diurnal variation of cortisol shows higher levels in the morning than in the evening. This finding is:
• The recommended initial thyroid function test for screening in asymptomatic individuals is:
• Chemiluminescent EIA offers advantages due to which characteristic?
• Which statement best describes the general role of tumor markers in clinical practice?
• AST is characteristically elevated in diseases of which organ?
• In the context of bilirubin chemistry, which solvent is used to dissolve unconjugated bilirubin before reacting with the Ehrlich diazo reagent?
• The conversion of glucose or other hexoses into lactate or pyruvate is called:
• Which condition is indicated by an ALP elevation about 3 times the upper limit of normal with a marked increase in GGT?
• LD3 isoenzyme may be increased in which condition?
• Urobilinogen is formed in which organ?
• Which of the following is NOT a coenzyme involved in the lactate dehydrogenase assay?
• In a 24-hour urine protein test, the amount excreted is commonly expressed as which unit?
• In the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation pH = pKa + log([salt]/[acid]), what does [salt]/[acid] represent?
• Which enzyme is the most sensitive indicator for liver damage from ethanol intake?
• Cryoscopic osmometry relies on which principle?
• CK isoenzyme fractionation showing two peaks, CK-MM and CK-MB, may indicate which condition?
• Which buffer pH best facilitates cathodic migration of amphoteric proteins in electrophoresis, given that they carry a positive net charge at low pH?
• To separate Hb S from Hb D, electrophoresis should be performed under which conditions?
• The anion gap is useful for quality control of laboratory results for which parameter set?
• What form is the major component of carbon dioxide in blood?
• Magnesium carbonate is added in iron binding capacity determinations in order to:
• The reference range for arterial pH measured at 37°C is which of the following?
• During a normal pregnancy, quantitative hCG levels peak at which weeks after the last menstrual period?
• Which of the following statements most correctly describes the utility of clinical laboratory assays for tumor markers?
• The urinary excretion product measured as an indicator of epinephrine production is which metabolite?
• In a hyperlipidemia screening 6 hours after a meal, a triglyceride of 260 mg/dL with cholesterol 120 mg/dL was obtained. What is the best interpretation?
• Which HDL quantitation method is non-chromatographic?
• Which value obtained during a glucose tolerance test is diagnostic of diabetes mellitus?
• Calcium concentration in the serum is regulated by:
• If an arterial blood gas sample collected in a heparinized syringe is left exposed to room air, which change is most likely?
• An increase in serum acetone is indicative of a defect in the metabolism of:
• A 45 yr. old woman has a fasting serum glucose concentration of 95 mg/dL (5.2 mmol/L) and a 2 hr. postprandial glucose concentration of 105 mg/dL (5.8 mmol/L). The statement which best describes this patient's fasting serum glucose concentration is:
• Which clinical disorder is associated with the greatest elevation of lactate dehydrogenase (LD) isoenzymes?
• The most widely used methods for bilirubin measurement are those based on the:
• The chromophore measured in the Jendrassik-Grof bilirubin assay is:
• 11-nor-THC-COOH is the urinary metabolite detected for screening which substance?
• In the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay, the reaction depends on which coenzyme system?
• In respiratory acidosis, a compensatory mechanism is the increase in which parameter?
• A 1-year-old girl with hyperlipoproteinemia and lipase deficiency has a sample refrigerated overnight. The serum would most likely appear as which of the following?
• Hydrogen ion concentration in blood is determined using which type of electrode?
• What is the first step in analyzing a 24-hour urine specimen for quantitative protein?
• Pellagra is caused by deficiency of which vitamin?
• The glass pH electrode membrane is primarily composed of silicon dioxide and is selectively sensitive to which ion?
• A diagnosis of primary adrenal insufficiency requires demonstration of which finding?
• AST may rise to as much as 100 times the upper limit of normal in which condition?
• Kernicterus is an abnormal accumulation of bilirubin in which tissue?
• The presence of increased CK-MB activity on a CK electrophoresis pattern is most likely found in which condition?
• Which test should be ordered in addition to serum calcium to determine cause of tetany?
• At blood pH 7.40, what is the typical ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid?
• In adults, increased concentrations of alpha-fetoprotein are most characteristically associated with:
• Both aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) are elevated in which disease?
• Among pancreatic enzymes, which tends to remain elevated longer after pancreatitis onset?
• Electrolyte and blood gas values indicate a primary respiratory disturbance with CO2 retention. Which acid-base disorder is most compatible?
• Which analytical method is standard for quantifying sodium and potassium in serum?
• Which parameter is not directly measured by most automated blood gas analyzers and is typically calculated instead?
• A salicylate level is performed to detect toxicity caused by ingestion of excess which drug?
• In primary hypothyroidism, which lab pattern is most typical?
• Cocaine is metabolized to which primary metabolite detected in urine drug screens?
• Which of the following hemoglobins has glucose-6-phosphate on the amino-terminal valine of the beta chain?
• HbA1c reflects average blood glucose concentration over which approximate time frame?
• A patient has increased serum calcium, decreased serum phosphate, and increased levels of parathyroid hormone. This patient most likely has:
• Hemolysis primarily elevates which LD isoenzymes, potentially causing a falsely high result?
• What standard body surface area value is used in creatinine clearance normalization?
• A patient has decreased total T4 and free T4, positive thyroid peroxidase antibody, and increased TSH. This pattern most likely indicates which condition?
• A 42-year-old man has markedly elevated CK and AST after a crush injury. Which condition best explains these findings?
• Which hormone is secreted by the placenta and used for the early determination of pregnancy?
• Turbidity in serum suggests elevation of which particles?
• Which metabolite is the biologically active liver metabolite of procainamide?
• What fasting plasma glucose value is diagnostic of diabetes mellitus?
• In the holoenzyme, the non-protein organic molecule that activates the apoenzyme is called a coenzyme.
• What is the proper pH for the buffered solution used to perform serum protein electrophoresis?
• In a Type I insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patient, if fructosamine indicates improving metabolic control, what state is the patient in?
• Which of the following steroids is an adrenal cortical hormone?
• Chronic hepatitis often shows ALT, AST, and ALP elevations of about 2 times the upper limit of normal with a slight rise in GGT. Which condition does this pattern best describe?
• The major action of angiotensin II is which of the following?
• A chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (EIA) is quantitated by which of the following?
• Serum anion gap is increased in patients with which condition?
• Which AFP level scenario is characteristic of hepatocellular carcinoma?
• What percentage of circulating T4 is converted to T3 in the body?